무역영어1급 시험이 코앞으로...

대학다닐때 부터 무역영어 자격증은 불필요한 조무래기 자격증이라고 생각해 왔으나, 취직 후 방송통신대학교로 편입한게 죄라서 졸업을 하려면 졸업논문이나 대체자격증을 따야된다고 한다.

방송통신대학교가 워낙 학사관리가 철저하여 졸업논문을 제출하고 졸업하려면, 졸업 1년전부터 논문계획서를 작성하고 교수님의 피드백을 받는 등 여러 창작의 고통을 겪어야 한다. 이를 피하기 위해서 졸업논문 대체자격증 중에서 가장 만만해 보이는 무역영어1급을 공략하기로 했다.

근데 공부하면서 깨닫게 된게... 이 시험 꽤나 어렵다.
2009년부터 대거 난이도가 올라갔다고 하는데, 이렇게 어려워 졌는 줄 알았으면 국제무역사나 좀 더 번듯한 이름을 가진 자격증을 도전할 것을 잘못했다는 생각이 든다.

울며 겨자먹기로 공부하게 되었지만, 공부하다보니 실질적으로 필요한 지식도 꽤 쌓이는 것 같아서 나쁘지 만은 않다. 일단은 무역분야에서 사용하는 생소한 용어들(Incoterms니 선하증권, 신용장의 종류 등)을 익힐 수 있어서 약간의 유익한 느낌이 들었다.

어쨋거나 붙어야지 될텐데, 이노무 시험이 시험가치 올려보겠다고 쓸데없이 어렵게 문제를 내는 것 같아서 걱정이다. (1) 붙었을 경우 : "무역영어 시험 열라 어려워 졌음" -> "그래봐야 무역영어잖아" (2) 떨어졌을 경우 : '(네 녀석은 그런 시험도 떨어지는 수준이냐?)'라고 할듯...

무역계약, 자주쓰는표현 - Other expressions

"The buyer shall be liable of and hold the seller harmless from and against all losses and damages."

"All business transactions entered into between sellers and buyers shall be as principals to principals(본인 대 본인) on their own account and responsibility."

"In case of non-performance of this contract, the party breaking this contract is to compensate for the loss to the other party incurred in non-performance."

"We are ready to appoint you our exclusive representative(독점판매 대리점) in Malaysia only for our stationery."

"We are glad to confirm our transactions to you of the following items on the terms and conditions set forth below."

"All the goods are to be carefully examined before they are packed in class."

"Force Majeure(불가항력 조항) : The seller not to be held responsible if they, owing to the force majeure, fail to make delivery within the time stipulated in the contract."

"Discrepancy and Claim(불일치와 클레임) : In case discrepancy on the quality of the goods is found by the Buyer after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, claim may be lodged against the seller within 3 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination."

"Both seller and buyer shall act as principal(본인으로), and not as agent."

"Except in case where firm offers are accepted, all orders must be confirmed in writing."

"It is hereby agreed between the sellers, ABC Co. Seoul, Korea, and the Buyers China Importing Co., HongKong, China that all business shall be conducted on the general terms and conditions."

"The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay in shipment due directly or indirectly to war, riots, civil commotions or other contingencies."

"The commodity we order must comply with our specifications in every detail."

"Shipment is to be made within the time stipulated in each contract, except in circumstances beyond the seller's control."

"Infringement(권리침해) : The buyer shall be liable for the losses and damages incurred, and suits and claims brought by third party due to trademark, patent, copyright of the third party."

"CWO : Payment for goods in which the price is paid in full before shipment is made. This method is usually used only for small deal."

"Certificate of inspection : A document certifying that merchandise was in good condition."

"Under D/P(지급도조건), document are not handed over to the consignee until buyer pays a bill."

"Bill of Exchange : Value received and charge the same to account of importer."

"Clean Bill is just a bill which is not accompanied by any transport documents."

무역계약, 자주쓰는표현 - Transportation(운송-2)

Letter of Guarantee (수입화물 선취보증장)
"Guarantees of this nature are required to enable importers to obtain the goods before arrival of original B/L, and are issued to the shipping companies by the Bank against an undertaking to forward the B/L when they are received."

Letter of Indemnity (L/I : 파손화물보상장)
"This letter serves as a form of guarantee whereby the shipper agrees to settle a claim against the line by a holder of the bill of lading arising from issuance of a clean bill."
"This document signed by the shipper may be given to the steamship company in order to make up for the inconvenience, holding the company harmless against issuing a clean B/L for shipment in foul condition."

Dispatch Money (조출금)
"The amount paid by a shipowner to the charter as an incentive for completing the loading or unloading operation in less than the time permitted under the charter party."
"The money paid to the charterer if charterer saves time of loading or discharging."

Demurrage (체선료)
"A charge made by shipping company for failure to load or remove the goods within the allowed time limited.)

F.O (Free Out : 양하비용 선주무부담)
"When a transportation contract under the F.O. terms is arranged, loading costs are for account of shipowner while unloading costs are paid by shipper."

Notify party (착화통지처)
"A notify party is usually the seller's agent in the buyer's country who should be advised by the shipping company when the vessel arrives."
"The person, usually the importer, to whom the shipping company or its agent gives notice of arrival the goods."

Delivery Order (D/O : 인도지시서)
"Delivery Order is a document of title which refer to an order given by an owner of goods to a person in possession of them, e.g. carrier or warehousemen."

straight B/L (기명식 선하증권)
"When there is no intention of the shipper to transfer the title of the lot to anyone except the consignee, straight B/L is issued in the name of particular consignee."

Foul B/L (고장선하증권)
"Foul B/L bears a notation that the goods and/or the packing are in some way damaged or in poor condition."

Clean B/L (무사고 선하증권)
"A clean B/L is on which bears no clauses or notation which expressly declares a defective condition of the goods and/or the packing."

Specific Duty (수입물품의 중량, 수량 혹은 다른 물리적특성에 기초한 관세)
"A customs duty based on weight, quantity, or other physical characteristics of imported items."

Bonded warehouse (보세창고)
"A store where goods kept until the duty has been paid."

Common carrier (공공운송인)
"A common carrier is one who is engaged in the trade of carrying goods on a regular business and who holds himself as ready to carry for anyone who may wish to employ him."

Pro-forma invoice (견적송장)
"The pro-forma invoice is a form of quotation by the seller to a potential buyer. It is an invitation to the buyer to place a firm order and is often required by him so that the authorities of the importers country will grant him an import licence and/or foreign exchange permit."

무역계약, 자주쓰는표현 - Transportation(운송-1)

"In the case of any actual or apprehended loss or damage the carrier and the consignee must give all reasonable facilities to each other for inspecting and tallying the goods."
(물건의 훼손이 의심될 때, 운송인이나 수화인은 검사에 협조해야 함.)

"Transport documents are required both to assure that the goods are being proprely transported and for the buyer to claim possession of the goods at destination."
(운송서류의 필요성)

"A negotiation or order B/L(선하증권: Bill of Lading) contains a phrase such as 'consigned to the order of (a named party)'."
(유통가능/지시식 선하증권의 특징)

Consignee (수화인)
"The person who take delivery of the goods shipped from owner and has an action against the last carrier."

Bill of Lading (선하증권)
"A document which evidences a contract of carriage by sea and taking over or loading of the goods by the carrier."

"The bill of lading is prima facie evidence(추정적증거) of taking over or, where a shipped B/L is issued, loading by the carrier of the goods."

Tramper ship (부정기선)
"Vessel that does not operate along definite route on fixed schedule, but call at any port where cargo is available."

Weather Working Days (좋은 날씨, 작업가능날짜로 산출된 정박일수)
"Laydays which are fixed by workable days under the fine weather."

Berth (정박장소, 안벽)
"A place at the quay(부두), jetty or dockside where the ship may load, discharge or lie."

Conference Line (해운동맹)
"An association of shipowning lines that operate on a specific route. Standard tariff rate are fixed."

'Shipper's Load and Count'
"A statement denoting that the contents of a vessel were loaded and counted by the shipper and not checked or verified by the transportation line."

Through B/L (통선하증권)
"A bill of lading covering items that are moving from the origin point to a final location, even if they are moved from carrier to carrier."

무역계약, 자주쓰는표현 - Insurance(보험)

General Average (공동해손)
"General Average comprehends all loss arising out of a voluntary sacrifice of a part of either vessel or cargo, made by the captain for the benefit of the whole."
(전체를 위해 희생한 선박일부, 적하일부 등의 희생을 말함)

Particular Average (단독해손)
"Particular average comprehends all loss occasioned to ship, freight, and cargo, which has not been wholly or partly sacrificed for the common safety or which does not otherwise come under the heading of general average or total loss."
(간단하게 말하면, 모든 부분손해 중 공동해손을 제외한 것)

Cover Note (보험승낙서)
"Cover Note is a broker's notice that an insurance has been placed pending the production of a policy or certificate. This sometimes takes the form of a letter of insurance but does not contain any details of the insurance said to be effected."
(보험증권이나 증명서가 발행될 때까지 보험체결을 통보해주는 문서)

Constructive total loss (추정전손)

"Constructive total loss arises when the vessel or cargo is in such a situation that the cost of salvaging and repairing her would exceed her value when repaired."

"90 yards of cotton fabrics have incurred partial damage owing to heavy weather on her way to London."

(면직물이 운송중 부분적인 손해를 입었다는 내용인데, 유의할 것은 배를 여성으로 표현한다는 것임.)

"The insurance premium(보험료) is payable to the insurer when he issues the policy, unless another arrangement is agreed upon by the parties or required by trade custom."

"Insurance policy in duplicate, endorsed in blank for 110% of the invoice value, stipulating that claims are payable in Seoul, Korea."

"We filed our claim for the broken cargoes with the insurance company."

"The acceptance of an abandonment may be either expressed or implied from conduct of the insurer."

"Further savings on premium are certain owing to the lowest rates charged for container-stowed cargoes."

"Abandonment has effect only where is a constructive total loss, whereas subrogation to all cases where loss is paid, whether the loss is total or partial."

"The insurer is entitled to take over the interest of the assured in whatever may remain of the subject-matter insured, and all proprietary rights incidental thereto. The effects of abandonment are considered, principally in relation to cases of constructive total loss."

"The insurance company will also have the right of subrogation, which means they can claim the wrecked vessel and sell it for any price they can get."

"The insurance shall be contracted with underwriters or an insurance company of good repute and failing express agreement to the contrary, be in accordance with minimum cover of the Institute Cargo Clause.(ICC)"

"Salvage charges are not included in particular average and are incurred by the assured or his agents to avert or minimize loss or damage to the particular subject-matter insured."

무역계약, 자주쓰는표현 - Arbitration(중재)

"All disputes, controversies, or differences which may arise between the parties, out of or in connection with the contract, or for the breach thereof, shall be finally settled by arbitration in Seoul, Korea Commercial Arbitration Board and under the Laws of Korea. The award(판정) rendered by the arbitrator shall be final and binding upon parties concerned."
(분쟁발생시 중재를 통하여 해결하며, 그 판정이 쌍방에게 구속력을 가진다는 의미)

"No claim or right of either party under this agreement shall be deemed to be renounced in whole or in part unless the renunciation of such claim or right is acknowledgement and confirmed in writing by such party."
(서면으로 포기의사를 밝히지 않으면 포기한 것으로 간주하지 않음.)

"Any claim beyond the amicable adjustment between Sellers and Buyers is to be settled by arbitration at destination."
(클레임을 중재로 해결하겠음)


"In comparison with lawsuit case in a court, arbitration has advantages of the speedy decision, lower costs, nomination of specialized arbitrators, and international effect of judgement."
(소송에 비교한 중재의 장점서술...)


"Should you insist on a discount of 40% for the damaged goods, we shall have to put the matter before Korean Commercial Arbitration Board."

"Arbitration clauses means 'statement in a contract which indicates that both parties agree to arbitration in case of a dispute'."